APOPTOSIS

Every nucleated cell goes through a physiological process called “programmed cell death” (apoptosis). Cell membrane blebbing, nuclear disintegration, and chromatin condensation are signs of apoptosis. As a tightly controlled process, apoptosis involves numerous signaling mechanisms, such as caspases and proteases.

Apoptotic pathways have been greatly enhanced by studies involving targeted genetic mutations, gene knockouts, and overexpression. Plasmid DNA and viral vectors have been used in the overexpression studies, in particular, to identify the function of particular caspases.

BioCapTM TP53 mRNA

https://www.pharna.com/product/1700101/

Protein

Cellular tumor antigen p53

Gene

TP53

Status

UniProtKB reviewed (Swiss-Prot)

Organism

Homo sapiens (Human)

Amino acids

393

Protein existence

Evidence at protein level

Apoptosis activation appears to be mediated by either upregulation of BAX and FAS antigen expression or downregulation of Bcl-2 expression. In many tumor types, it acts as a tumor suppressor; depending on the physiological settings and cell type, it may result in growth halt or apoptosis, engaged in controlling the cell cycle as a trans-activator that prevents cell division by interfering with a number of required genes. One of the genes that is activated is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase. 

BioCapTM BAX mRNA

https://www.pharna.com/product/1700201/

Protein

Apoptosis regulator BAX

Gene

BAX

Status

UniProtKB reviewed (Swiss-Prot)

Organism

Homo sapiens (Human)

Amino acids

192

Protein existence

Evidence at protein level

It performs a function in the apoptosis process in the mitochondria. Under typical circumstances, BCL2L1/Bcl-xL-mediated constant retrotranslocation from mitochondria to the cytosol prevents toxic BAX levels from building up at the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM), experiences a conformational change in response to stress that results in translocation to the mitochondrion membrane and the release of cytochrome c, which then initiates apoptosis and encourages CASP3 activation, which results in death.

BioCapTM BAK1 mRNA

https://www.pharna.com/product/1700301/

Protein

Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer

Gene

BAK1

Status

UniProtKB reviewed (Swiss-Prot)

Organism

Homo sapiens (Human)

Amino acids

211

Protein existence

Evidence at protein level

It participates in the apoptotic process in the mitochondria. Promotes mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization by oligomerizing to create pores in the MOM upon the onset of cell death signals. This causes the release of cytochrome c and other apoptogenic substances into the cytoplasm, which encourages the activation of caspase 9, which then processes and activates the effector caspases.

BioCapTM hesA Isoform YAP1-2alpha mRNA

https://www.pharna.com/product/1700401/

Protein

Protein HesA

Gene

hesA

Status

UniProtKB reviewed (Swiss-Prot)

Organism

Leptolyngbya boryana (Plectonema boryanum)

Amino acids

277

Protein existence

Inferred from homology

A nuclear effector of the Hippo signaling system, which is involved in growth, development, repair, and homeostasis, is encoded by this gene. As a transcriptional regulator of this signaling pathway, this gene is known to contribute to the initiation and progression of a number of cancers and may serve as a possible target for cancer therapy. Multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms are produced by alternative splicing.

BioCapTM YAP1 Isoform YAP1-2gamma mRNA

https://www.pharna.com/product/1700501/

Protein

Transcriptional coactivator YAP1

Gene

YAP1

Status

UniProtKB reviewed (Swiss-Prot)

Organism

Homo sapiens (Human)

Amino acids

504

Protein existence

Evidence at protein level

The crucial downstream regulatory target in the Hippo signaling pathway, which controls organ growth and suppresses tumors by limiting proliferation and encouraging apoptosis, is a transcriptional regulator that can function as both a coactivator and a corepressor. 

It controls the formation of cortical actomyosin networks, which plays a crucial part in controlling tissue tension and 3D tissue shape. Also, plays a crucial part in regulating the proliferation of cells in reaction to cell contact.